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Criminals are always looking for an angle. If they can find one that works again and again, they won’t just keep going at the same rate, they’ll pile on and ramp it up. When it comes to money-laundering schemes, using universities to launder ill-gotten gains has become evermore common as rules tighten up elsewhere.
Reports are emerging from around the world that illustrate the true scale of the problem. As this scale becomes more apparent, it is likely to seep into the public conscious, leaving universities that don’t have strong anti-money laundering policies and procedures in place open to transformative new legislation.
For universities that don’t take a proactive approach, they may find themselves waking up one day in the unenviable position of realizing a sizeable chunk of their revenue is from illegitimate sources.
The refund scheme is a classic of its type and works particularly well in the university financial ecosystem where refunds are common. It allows for a criminal to pay for tuition fees (or other associated university costs such as accommodation etc.) before canceling their proposed education and then requesting a refund from the university – thereby ‘washing’ the money through the university. The criminal will often recruit students to act as a “money-mules”, and the refund may be re-directed to the Criminal.
A 2019 report in Canada by the British Columbia Attorney General found many instances of this scheme. Agents and third parties were also commonly used as accomplices, collecting the refund on behalf of the ‘student’.
A sideline is wildly overpaying for fees and then requesting a refund for the surplus.
The same Canadian report found that in once case a student who was only required to pay a $150 dollar charge arrived at the college with $9,000 in a duffel bag and asked to deposit all of it with the college. They would then be able to withdraw the money later in the form of a check from the university, which on the surface would be a ‘clean’ source of money.
While we live in a largely digital economy, paying for university in cash is not as uncommon as you think.
An investigation by the UK Times in 2021 found that UK universities had accepted £52 million ($65 million USD) in cash for tuition fees. In a separate investigation in the same year found that UK universities (and boarding schools) estimated that there were £30 million ($42 million USD) worth of questionable payments made from West Africa.
Put simply, these cash payments are open for allowing fraudsters to money-launder proceeds from crime or bribery. While cash payments aren’t generally allowed for high-value purchases, such as houses, in the UK at least they are allowed to be used for tuition fees, which can be substantial in themselves.
In the UK and across Europe, a university receiving cash payments of €10,000 or more in single or linked transactions in exchange for goods or services may be classed as a “High Value Dealer” which may result in the need to report such transactions to the authorities.
“TransferMate Education works with universities around the world to reduce their exposure to cash-based payments while providing the student with several alternative payment mechanisms, and coupled with an industry-leading compliance system to detect real risk in real time” said Simon McFeely, Chief Risk & Compliance Officer at TransferMate.
Another potential for universities to be caught up in money-laundering schemes is allowing third-parties pay for a student’s tuition fees.
Corrupt officials – both in the public and private sphere – can us a tuition fee to facilitate a bribe rather than directly accepting the money.
While this is not illegal (think of a generous benefactor hearing a person’s story and deciding to help them out) it again opens up the possibility of fraud and vulnerable students to act as money-mules. Corrupt officials – both in the public and private sphere – can also use the tuition fee to facilitate a bribe rather than directly accepting the money.
In countries where public officials earn relatively low amounts compared to tuition fees in major world universities, real red flags must be raised when third parties are paying for their children’s education.
While not a scheme in and of itself, universities need to include the potential for internal collaboration with fraudsters in their thinking. The schemes mentioned above can be carried out with the university as an unwitting stooge, or as part of a more elaborate scheme.
Secondly, ‘turning a blind eye’ can be just as dangerous in the long run.
If universities allow for fraud to happen by simply ignoring the issue and not proactively preventing or investigating it, they may well be caught out through changes in the law. This would mean an abrupt shortfall of revenue and becoming an existential threat to the institutions very existence, and this isn’t including the very real reputational risk they might suffer if money-laundering activities were found to be rife within their financial system.
As always, there is no silver bullet or impenetrable shield that prevents fraud. Once one obstacle is put up, fraudsters generally will find a way to circumvent it in some way. However, there are concrete steps universities can take to prevent from being used in money-laundering schemes.
An overall policy and philosophy for university leaders is to actively seek out proposed legislation around the world and implement it before it becomes a reality. While the laws may never tighten around university payments like they do around other institutions more closely associated with the financial sector, it is likely that they will be under more severe scrutiny than they currently are at some point down the road.
And there are existing laws. For example, in the United Kingdom, a university has a duty under the Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 to notify the relevant authorities if it suspects that its processes or services are being used to launder money obtained through criminal activity, and it is required by law to have a robust Anti-Money Laundering program in place.
No university wants to support criminal activity in any manner, nor be in the headlines, so from a brand and reputational standpoint, it makes good sense move away from cash-based payments not only to streamline the admission process but also to ensure that risk exposure is reduced through the use of a carefully selected payment partner.
Having a robust payment system with AML and fraud checks is one of the key (and cost-effective) ways universities can protect themselves against criminal activities in their payment processes.
Modern payment systems use the latest technologies to detect and prevent fraud before they go through the system.
Modern payment systems use the latest technologies to detect and prevent fraud before they go through the system. They also have the advantage of having a larger global footprint than many of even the largest banks, meaning they have embedded local rules in their systems when payments pass through certain countries.
“Our systems have very stringent checks on potential fraudulent payments’ said Simon McFeely, Chief Risk & Compliance Officer at TransferMate. ‘Universities can track payments end-to-end, know that they are checked against international sanctions lists, will be notified if any payment contravenes the AML checks we have embedded in the system, and have the highest standards of data security. Additionally, our sophisticated screening and monitoring technology applies to the student and the payer of the fees; we believe a first in the industry to do so.”
One of the best ways to deter a criminal scheme is to only refund cancelled tuition payments to their original source. In essence, this leaves the criminals back at square one.
Refunding to a different bank account, for example, can be another step in the criminal layering their ill-gotten gains and integrating it into the legitimate financial system.
However, there are genuine reasons why a refund may need to go back to another bank account, so it’s important to use a system with specific in-built rules that target criminal typologies to weed-out potential bad-actors.
Ignorance of the law is not a defense, and this is particularly true in financial crimes.
Culture will always play a role in tackling money-laundering. Regular training will allow the financial team to spot obvious cases of potential fraud and raise concerns with more opaque cases.
In general, ignorance of the law is not a defense, and this is particularly true in financial crimes. Allowing a culture of turning a blind eye to money laundering can leave the university vulnerable to not only reputational risks, but legal ones too.
When you see how vulnerable universities are to money-laundering schemes, it becomes plain that more needs to be done. Without a proactive approach, these schemes will build to such a scale where the very existence of universities will be put at risk.
While criminals are good at finding angles, there should be few better institutions than a university to see those angles and counteract them with new and innovative solutions. After all, isn’t that what education is all about?
If you want to talk to our experts and discover how TransferMate’s solutions can protect your university from money laundering and fraudulent schemes, click here.
Hiding in plain sight is one of the primary tactics for predators in the wild and, when it comes to targeting businesses to be unwitting accomplices to money laundering schemes, criminals can adopt excellent camouflage.
Money laundering activities cost the world somewhere between 2% to 5% of its GDP – up to $2 trillion a year – and businesses can inadvertently become pawns in this criminal activity.
Making ‘dirty’ money ‘clean’ happens in three stages – placing, layering and integration. Placing is the introduction of ill-gotten gains into the financial system. Layering is moving the money around and putting distance between it and its original source. Integration is when the money becomes seemingly legitimate, allowing the criminals to access and use it.
The layering stage is when innocent businesses are most vulnerable to get caught up in the money laundering process. The difficulty comes with proving that innocence; it’s not unusual for a company to be caught up in the legal ramifications of a money laundering scheme.
The first line of defense is knowing the ways your business can be used for money laundering. While there are many techniques used by criminals to launder money, the following tactics are the most likely to target a legitimate business.
The tactics used can depend on what sector you are in, but you should also be wary of indirectly being involved, such as dealing with suppliers caught up in schemes.
90% of laundered money remains undetected.
Round-tripping
This method essentially sends money on a round trip across the world, usually to a jurisdiction with weak anti-money laundering laws, where it sits in an account of a corporation (usually a front), and then sent back as an investment. Depending on where it is invested (for example, into a government-backed investment scheme), it can even be exempt from taxation.
Round-tripping can also be when money is paid to a law firm (or something similar like an accountancy firm) as a retainer, and then the criminals cancel the contract. When the money is sent back, the criminals can represent the money as coming from a legitimate source, such as a legacy from a will or as proceeds from a litigation case.
Using shell companies and trusts to do business
One of the key tenets of banking is to ‘know your customer’. In other words, to do proper due diligence on the person/entity you are doing business with, and the same applies to general businesses.
Trading with a shell company or a trust that is a front for illegal activities can get your business into a lot of trouble, so reasonable checks should be made when trading with a new entity.
Investing in commodities
Criminals like to invest in commodities, particularly luxury commodities such as gold, gems, and diamonds, that can be easily moved to new jurisdictions where they either convert them to cash, artificially inflate or deflate their price, or use false documentation to integrate them into the legitimate financial system.
Real estate investment
Just like commodities, real estate is an attractive avenue for criminals to launder money. From basic tactics like paying for property with cash, disguising the true ownership of the property through third-parties, trusts or shell companies, to rent being paid far above market rates, and off-the-book transactions, there are many ways criminals can infiltrate the real estate market.
Business email compromise
Scammers can infiltrate a legitimate businesses emails for various reasons, and one of them is for money laundering purposes. Essentially, once they’re in, criminals can use legitimate emails to make illegitimate payments and fund transfers, helping them in the layering part of the money-laundering process.
Trade-based laundering
Trade-based money laundering is, in effect, a much more complex version of commodity investment. It uses the global trade system to transfer value from one source to another, under or over valuing goods along the chain, as well as misrepresenting goods entirely.
There is also a tactic know as carousel transactions, where a high-value commodity is repeatedly imported and exported, and the criminals use the VAT system of different jurisdictions against each other to continuously make money.
A U.S. Department of Treasury report in 2018 identified trade-based laundering as one of the most used, and one of the hardest to detect, methods of money laundering. It’s also one of those tactics where legitimate businesses can be used as part of the scam.
Transaction Laundering
Transaction laundering is one of those tactics born of the digital age, using the anonymity of online payment systems to make a business process payment for another business – usually via a website. This allows the seller of illegal goods or services to use a legitimate business to ‘wash’ the money through another payments system, showing up in a banks system as legitimate because they ‘know that customer’.
Our partners in ComplyAdvantage have explored transaction laundering in detail if you want to learn more.
400 times more money is laundered in government-backed currencies than in cryptocurrency.
Cyber-laundering
A broad term, cyber laundering describes the digital tactics criminals use to launder money on the internet. It can be applied to schemes such as online games being used very similarly to those classic front businesses (from laundromats to casinos) that are used to hide illegitimate money with legitimate earnings.
Fake charities, crowdfunding, digital currencies (trading major coins like Bitcoin with ‘alt-coins’ which don’t have AML policies), etc. can also be other entry points for criminals to generate income that can hide their ill-gotten gains.
As you can see from this list, criminals will target every avenue open to them in the financial system to launder money. For businesses not wanting to be caught up in their activities, there are a couple of key principles to follow.
Know your customer
Just like the banks, businesses must practice reasonable due diligence on their suppliers, the supply chain their goods flow through, and even the buyers of their product or service. While it is, in practical terms, impossible to rout out all forms of criminal activity as a private business, taking a proactive approach will both help you detect potential risks, and defend yourself legally in the future if you are every unknowingly caught up in a scheme.
Have technical safeguards in place
Leveraging technologies to protect your business is the latest front in the fight against money-laundering. Your payments system should have automated red-flags built in it, providing an early warning system for you to launch an investigation, and be as transparent as possible to allow for active monitoring and a clear audit trail.
Have AML Policies in place
Having policies and reporting procedures is an often-overlooked tactic to fight money-laundering; it’s simply too easy to let it slide down the to-do list. However, it is vital to have these in place, and to conduct regular training in them.
One of the hard truths about money laundering is that sometimes in can come from within your workforce, so having these policies and procedures down on paper will both deter potential fraudsters and help others detect them if they do cross the line.
To learn more about TransferMate’s anti-money laundering policies and how we protect our customers, click here.
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